Crohn's Disease - Symptoms, Causes, Complications & Prevention

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Crohn's disease (CD) is an immunologically mediated chronic inflammatory bowel disease (autoimmune disorder) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that extends along the whole gut wall thickness, from the mucosa (inner layer) to the serosa (outer layer). Crohn's disease can advance from mild /moderate inflammatory conditions to severe piercing (fistulisation) or structuring illness with multiple relapses. In this condition, the immune system targets the gut, resulting in bowel inflammation, leading to a bowel blockage, severe diarrhoea, painful bowel movements, rectal bleeding, and other severe symptoms through destruction to the intestinal tissue. The disease has recurrent and remitting symptoms such as severe diarrhoea, weight loss, malnutrition, and abdominal pain. Nearly one-third of patients have small bowel involvement, particularly in the terminal ileum; 20% have only colon involvement, and 50% have both the colon and small bowel involved.